Complementary exams in the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis.

The diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis is a difficult but essential task when considering the high toxicity profile of the drugs available. Since the discovery of its etiologic agent, numerous diagnostic tests have been developed. None of the tests available today can be considered as the gold standard, since they do not add enough accuracy for the disease detection. Good epidemiological and clinical knowledge of the disease are fundamental precepts of the dermatology practice and precede the rational use of existing diagnostic tests. In this article we aim, through extensive literature review, to recall fundamental concepts of any diagnostic test. Subsequently, based on this information, we will weave important comments about the characteristics of existing diagnostic tests, including immunological tests such as Montenegro's skin test, serology and detection of parasites by direct examination, culture or histopathology. Finally we will discuss the new technologies and options for the diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The molecular biology technique is considered a promising tool, promoting the rapid identification of the species involved. We also aim to educate dermatologists about a disease with high morbidity and assist in its difficult recognition.

Complementary exams in the diagnosis of american tegumentary leishmaniasis

The diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis is a difficult but essential task when considering the high toxicity profile of the drugs available. Since the discovery of its etiologic agent, numerous diagnostic tests have been developed. None of the tests available today can be considered as the gold standard, since they do not add enough accuracy for the disease detection. Good epidemiological and clinical knowledge of the disease are fundamental precepts of the dermatology practice and precede the rational use of existing diagnostic tests. In this article we aim, through extensive literature review, to recall fundamental concepts of any diagnostic test. Subsequently, based on this information, we will weave important comments about the characteristics of existing diagnostic tests, including immunological tests such as Montenegro's skin test, serology and detection of parasites by direct examination, culture or histopathology. Finally we will discuss the new technologies and options for the diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The molecular biology technique is considered a promising tool, promoting the rapid identification of the species involved. We also aim to educate dermatologists about a disease with high morbidity and assist in its difficult recognition.

The use of the Er:YAG 2940nm laser associated with amorolfine lacquer in the treatment of onychomycosis.

Onychomycosis is a common disease, accounting for up to 50% of all ungual pathologies. We have been developing a clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01528813) using a 2940nm Er:YAG laser to fractionally ablate human nails in vivo, aiming to increase topical amorolfine lacquer delivery to the nail unit, increasing the efficacy of topical treatment of distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis. Partial results have shown an increase in areas of nail plate free of disease. We believe that ablative lasers can increase the efficacy of topical onychomycosis treatment.

The use of the Er:YAG 2940nm laser associated with amorolfine lacquer in the treatment of onychomycosis / Uso do laser de Er:YAG 2940nm associado ao esmalte de amorolfina no tratamento da onicomicose

Onychomycosis is a common disease, accounting for up to 50% of all ungual pathologies. We have been developing a clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01528813) using a 2940nm Er:YAG laser to fractionally ablate human nails in vivo, aiming to increase topical amorolfine lacquer delivery to the nail unit, increasing the efficacy of topical treatment of distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis. Partial results have shown an increase in areas of nail plate free of disease. We believe that ablative lasers can increase the efficacy of topical onychomycosis treatment.

A onicomicose é afecção frequente, representando até 50% do total das doenças ungueais. Um ensaio clinico (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01528813) em atual desenvolvimento usa o laser de Er:YAG 2940nm para realizar ablação fracionada in vivo de unhas humanas visando aumentar a permeabilidade ungueal ao esmalte de amorolfina, visando aumentar a eficácia do tratamento tópico da onicomicose subungueal distal lateral. Resultados parciais tem demonstrado um aumento na área ungueal livre de doença nas unhas tratadas com o laser, em comparação ao uso isolado do esmalte. Acreditamos que lasers ablativos possam aumentar a eficácia do tratamento tópico da onicomicose.

Active search for leprosy cases in Midwestern Brazil: a serological evaluation of asymptomatic household contacts before and after prophylaxis with bacillus Calmette-Guérin.

Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that carries a high risk of disability, making early diagnosis mandatory. This study aimed to determine the applicability of anti-PGL-1 IgM antibody detection, using the ML FLOW technique, as an assistant tool for the detection of leprosy infection in asymptomatic household contacts (AHHC) of multibacillary leprosy index cases from Midwest Brazil. Serological changes induced by the prophylaxis of these household contacts with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were also verified. A total of 91 AHHC were assessed, among which, 18.68% (n = 17) presented both positive bacilloscopy and positive anti-PGL-1 IgM serology. Positivity concordance between these two laboratorial exams (Kappa Index = 1; p < 0.001) was indicated, however, one case did not demonstrate concordance between the semiquantitative assessment of anti-PGL-1 IgM and the bacilloscopy index (Kappa Index = 0.96; p < 0.001). Among the 17 AHHC with positive bacilloscopy, eight were reassessed after prophylaxis with BCG and two of them presented negative anti-PGL-1 IgM serology, being these patients who had presented a bacilloscopy index of < 2[+] in the initial assessment. This study shows that anti-PGL-1 IgM detection may be used as a tool to determine the bacillary load in AHHC and to detect immune changes related to prophylaxis by nonspecific vaccination.

Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis.

We present a case of an 18-year-old male patient who, after two years of inappropriate treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis, began to show nodules arising at the edges of the former healing scar. He was immune competent and denied any trauma. The diagnosis of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis was made following positive culture of aspirate samples. The patient was treated with N-methylglucamine associated with pentoxifylline for 30 days. Similar cases require special attention mainly because of the challenges imposed by treatment.

The use of ablative lasers in the treatment of facial melasma.

Melasma represents a pigmentary disorder that is difficult to treat. This study aims to broadly review the use of ablative lasers (Er:YAG and CO2) in the treatment of melasma, presenting the level of evidence of studies published to date. A total of 75 patients were enrolled in four case series studies (n=39), one controlled clinical trial (n=6) and one randomized controlled clinical trial (n=30). Studies on the Er:YAG laser showed better results with the use of short square-shaped pulses, which determined low rates of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and long-lasting maintenance of results. Likewise, studies on the CO2 laser proved the benefits of short pulse duration along with low-density energy. Post-treatment maintenance with the use of antipigmenting creams was necessary and effective to sustain long-term results. Ablative lasers may represent another useful and effective tool against melasma. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and difficulty in sustaining long-term results still represent the main limitations to a broader use of ablative lasers. Based on actual evidence, the use of this technology should be restricted to patients with recalcitrant disease. Further studies will help establish optimal laser parameters and treatment regimens.

Recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis / Leishmaniose recidiva cútis

We present a case of an 18-year-old male patient who, after two years of inappropriate treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis, began to show nodules arising at the edges of the former healing scar. He was immune competent and denied any trauma. The diagnosis of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis was made following positive culture of aspirate samples. The patient was treated with N-methylglucamine associated with pentoxifylline for 30 days. Similar cases require special attention mainly because of the challenges imposed by treatment.

Paciente do sexo masculino, 18 anos. Dois anos após tratamento insuficiente para leishmaniose tegumentar americana, apresentou, na mesma localização, lesão formada por cicatriz atrófica central e nódulos verrucosos na periferia. Era imunocompetente, hígido e negava qualquer trauma local. O diagnóstico de leishmaniose recidiva cutis foi feito através de cultura do aspirado da lesão. Realizou tratamento com N-metilglucamina (20mgSbV/kg/dia) associado à pentoxifilina (1200mg/dia) durante 30 dias alcançando cura clínica. Os casos semelhantes requerem atenção diferenciada pela dificuldade ao tratamento.

Active search for leprosy cases in Midwestern Brazil: a serological evaluation of asymptomatic household contacts before and after prophylaxis with bacillus Calmette-Guérin / Busca ativa por casos de hanseníase no Centro-Oeste do Brasil: avaliação sorológica dos contatos domiciliares assintomáticos antes e após a profilaxia com Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that carries a high risk of disability, making early diagnosis mandatory. This study aimed to determine the applicability of anti-PGL-1 IgM antibody detection, using the ML FLOW technique, as an assistant tool for the detection of leprosy infection in asymptomatic household contacts (AHHC) of multibacillary leprosy index cases from Midwest Brazil. Serological changes induced by the prophylaxis of these household contacts with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were also verified. A total of 91 AHHC were assessed, among which, 18.68% (n = 17) presented both positive bacilloscopy and positive anti-PGL-1 IgM serology. Positivity concordance between these two laboratorial exams (Kappa Index = 1; p < 0.001) was indicated, however, one case did not demonstrate concordance between the semiquantitative assessment of anti-PGL-1 IgM and the bacilloscopy index (Kappa Index = 0.96; p < 0.001). Among the 17 AHHC with positive bacilloscopy, eight were reassessed after prophylaxis with BCG and two of them presented negative anti-PGL-1 IgM serology, being these patients who had presented a bacilloscopy index of < 2[+] in the initial assessment. This study shows that anti-PGL-1 IgM detection may be used as a tool to determine the bacillary load in AHHC and to detect immune changes related to prophylaxis by nonspecific vaccination.

A hanseníase é doença causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, apresentando elevado potencial incapacitante, o que torna indispensável seu diagnóstico precoce. O estudo visa determinar a aplicabilidade da detecção de anticorpos anti-PGL1-IgM por meio da técnica do ML FLOW como ferramenta adjuvante ao diagnóstico de hanseníase em contatos domiciliares assintomáticos (AHHC) de pacientes multibacilares procedentes da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, bem como, documentar o comportamento sorológico após a profilaxia com a vacina Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Foram avaliados 91 AHHC atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Brasília - Brasil, dos quais 18,68% (n = 17) apresentaram positividade para baciloscopia e anti-PGL1-IgM, totalizando uma concordância completa entre os dois grupos (Índice Kappa = 1; p < 0,001). Em apenas um dos casos não observou-se concordância entre a avaliação semi-quantitativa do anti-PGL1-IgM e índice baciloscópico (Índice Kappa = 0,96; p < 0,001). Oito dos 17 AHHC com baciloscopia positiva foram reavaliados após profilaxia com BCG e apenas dois apresentaram negativação dos títulos anti-PGL1-IgM, sendo tais casos correspondentes aos que haviam apresentado índice baciloscópico menor do que 2[+] na avaliação inicial. O estudo corrobora o potencial do anti-PGL1-IgM como ferramenta de predição da carga bacilar em AHHC da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, e surpreende alterações imunes relacionadas à profilaxia obtida pela vacinação não específica com BCG.

The use of ablative lasers in the treatment of facial melasma / O uso de lasers ablativos no tratamento do melasma facial

Melasma represents a pigmentary disorder that is difficult to treat. This study aims to broadly review the use of ablative lasers (Er:YAG and CO2) in the treatment of melasma, presenting the level of evidence of studies published to date. A total of 75 patients were enrolled in four case series studies (n=39), one controlled clinical trial (n=6) and one randomized controlled clinical trial (n=30). Studies on the Er:YAG laser showed better results with the use of short square-shaped pulses, which determined low rates of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation and long-lasting maintenance of results. Likewise, studies on the CO2 laser proved the benefits of short pulse duration along with low-density energy. Post-treatment maintenance with the use of antipigmenting creams was necessary and effective to sustain long-term results. Ablative lasers may represent another useful and effective tool against melasma. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and difficulty in sustaining long-term results still represent the main limitations to a broader use of ablative lasers. Based on actual evidence, the use of this technology should be restricted to patients with recalcitrant disease. Further studies will help establish optimal laser parameters and treatment regimens.

O melasma representa desordem pigmentar de difícil tratamento. O presente estudo tem como propósito apresentar ampla revisão da literatura acerca do uso de laser ablativos (Er:YAG e CO2) no tratamento do melasma, estabelecendo o nível de evidência dos estudos publicados até o instante. Um total de 75 pacientes foram envolvidos entre quatro séries de casos (n=39), um ensaio clínico controlado (n=6) e um ensaio clínico controlado e randomizado (n=30). Os estudos acerca do laser de Er:YAG demonstraram melhores resultados com o uso de pulsos de forma quadrada, os quais determinaram menores taxas de hiperpigmentação pós-inflamatória. Ademais, os estudos com laser de CO2 também demonstraram benefício no uso de pulsos curtos com baixa densidade de energia. O uso de cremes despigmentantes no período pós-tratamento se mostrou necessária e efetiva na manutenção de resultados à longo prazo. Os lasers ablativos, por conseguinte, podem representar ferramenta efetiva e de grande utilidade no manejo do melasma. Entretanto, hiperpigmentação pós-inflamatória e dificuldade na manutenção de resultados à longo prazo parecem representar as principais limitações atuais ao seu amplo uso. Por conseguinte, com base nas atuais evidências, o uso de tais tecnologias ainda deve ser restrita à casos de doença recalcitrante. Novos estudos ainda são necessários para o estabelecimento de parâmetros e regimes ideais de tratamento.

Periungual leishmaniasis.

The vast majority of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis are represented by limb injuries. A female patient, white, presented an ulcer with infiltrated borders located on the fourth finger of the left hand following occupational exposure in an area of native forest. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania of the subgenus Viannia was confirmed. The patient failed to respond to treatment with antimony, but achieved clinical cure after this was associated with pentoxifylline. The case highlights the rarity of the periungual location of the leishmanial lesion and the difficulties encountered in therapy.

Periungual leishmaniasis / Leishmaniose periungueal

The vast majority of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis are represented by limb injuries. A female patient, white, presented an ulcer with infiltrated borders located on the fourth finger of the left hand following occupational exposure in an area of native forest. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania of the subgenus Viannia was confirmed. The patient failed to respond to treatment with antimony, but achieved clinical cure after this was associated with pentoxifylline. The case highlights the rarity of the periungual location of the leishmanial lesion and the difficulties encountered in therapy.

A grande maioria dos casos de leishmaniose tegumentar é representada por lesões nos membros. Paciente feminina, branca, diabética, apresentou úlcera com bordas infiltradas, localizada no quarto quirodáctilo esquerdo, após exposição ocupacional em área de mata nativa. Foi confirmado o diagnóstico de leishmaniose tegumentar por Leishmania do subgênero Viannia. Não respondeu ao tratamento com antimonial, mas obteve cura clínica após associação com a pentoxifilina. O caso destaca-se pela raridade da localização periungueal da lesão leishmaniótica e pela dificuldade terapêutica.

Infection of the lymphatic system by Aureobasidium pullulans in a patient with erythema nodosum leprosum.

Aureobasidium pullulans is a causal agent of phaeohyphomycosis, occasionally found in men and animals. As an agent of different opportunistic fungal processes, it may cause fungemia, systemic infections and abscesses in different viscera. This paper aims to report a case of a patient with infection of the lymphatic system by A. pullulans. A 23-year-old patient being treated for erythema nodosum leprosum presented a 60-day complaint of daily fever, hoarseness, odynophagia and weight loss. Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia with severe neutropenia, cervical adenomegaly and solid contrast uptake lesion in the oropharyngeal region. Due to neutropenia and sepsis the patient was initially treated with cefepime and vancomycin, but there was no clinical improvement. Lymph node puncture-aspiration showed yeast-form fungus identified as A. pullulans by sequencing ITS region. The patient was treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate, leading to complete recovery of bone marrow function and regression of adenomegaly and the oropharyngeal lesion.

Infection of the lymphatic system by Aureobasidium pullulans in a patient with erythema nodosum leprosum

Aureobasidium pullulans is a causal agent of phaeohyphomycosis, occasionally found in men and animals. As an agent of different opportunistic fungal processes, it may cause fungemia, systemic infections and abscesses in different viscera. This paper aims to report a case of a patient with infection of the lymphatic system by A. pullulans. A 23-year-old patient being treated for erythema nodosum leprosum presented a 60-day complaint of daily fever, hoarseness, odynophagia and weight loss. Laboratory tests showed pancytopenia with severe neutropenia, cervical adenomegaly and solid contrast uptake lesion in the oropharyngeal region. Due to neutropenia and sepsis the patient was initially treated with cefepime and vancomycin, but there was no clinical improvement. Lymph node puncture-aspiration showed yeast-form fungus identified as A. pullulans by sequencing ITS region. The patient was treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate, leading to complete recovery of bone marrow function and regression of adenomegaly and the oropharyngeal lesion.

Hepatite B e gestação: aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e obstétricos / Hepatitis B and pregnancy: clinic, epidemiologic and obstetric aspects

A transmissão vertical do vírus da hepatite B representa a principal via de disseminação do VHB nas regiões de alta prevalência, sendo a prevenção dessa forma de transmissão importante para a redução dos altos índices de cronicidade característicos da evolução da doença quando da infecção durante o período gestacional. Sobretudo, as medidas de prevenção são de fácil execução e consideradas altamente eficazes, apresentando uma ótima relação custo-benefício frente às complicações agudas e crônicas da hepatite B. O objetivo dessa revisão é abordar os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e obstétricos envolvidos no curso da hepatite B, bem como, os aspectos pertinentes à prevenção da transmissão vertical da patologia.

Freqüência das infecções pelo HIV-1, rubéola, sífilis, toxoplasmose, citomegalovírus, herpes simples, hepatite B, hepatite C, doença de Chagas e HTLV I/II em gestantes, do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul / Frequency of HIV-1, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, simple herpes virus, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Chagas disease and HTLV I/II infection in pregnant women of State of Mato Grosso do Sul

Objetivou-se avaliar a freqüência das infecções por sífilis, rubéola, hepatite B, hepatite C, toxoplasmose, doença de Chagas, HTLV I/II, herpes simples, HIV-1 e citomegalovírus em gestantes e relacionar a faixa etária das pacientes com a freqüência das infecções. Estudo transversal de 32.512 gestantes submetidas à triagem pré-natal no período de novembro de 2002 a outubro de 2003. As freqüências encontradas foram de 0,2 por cento para infecção pelo vírus HIV-1, 0,03 por cento para rubéola, 0,8 por cento para sífilis, 0,4 por cento para toxoplasmose, 0,05 por cento para infecção aguda pelo citomegalovírus, 0,02 por cento pelo vírus herpes simples, 0,3 por cento para hepatite B (HBsAg), 0,1 por cento para hepatite C, 0,1 por cento para HTLV I/II e 0,1 por cento para doença de Chagas. Houve associação significativa entre faixa etária e infecções por rubéola, citomegalovírus, doença de Chagas e herpes vírus. As freqüências de rubéola, sífilis, toxoplasmose, doença de Chagas e citomegalovírus nas gestantes encontram-se abaixo dos valores descritos na literatura.

It was aimed to estimate the frequency of syphilis, rubella, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease, HTLV I/II, simple herpes virus, HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus in pregnant women and to evaluate the relationship between age and the frequency of the infections studied. A transversal study of 32,512 pregnant women submitted to pre-natal sreening in the period of November 2002 to October 2003. The frequency of the tried infections among the pregnant women were 0.2 percent of HIV-1, 0.03 percent of rubella, 0.8 percent of syphilis, 0.4 percent of toxoplasmosis, 0.05 percent of cytomegalovirus, 0.02 percent of simple herpes virus, 0.3 percent of HBsAg, 0.1 percent of hepatitis C, 0.1 percent of HTLV and 0.1 percent of Chagas disease. There was significative statistical association between age and prenatal infection of rubella, cytomegalovirus, Chagas disease and herpes virus. The rates of frequency of rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, Chagas disease and cytomegalovirus in pregnant women studied were lower than the compared rates.